Wednesday, February 26, 2020

從桑德斯到美國特色的社會主義


我的信報文章(2020226A15) 足本
從桑德斯到美國特色社會主義



從 桑德斯 到 美國特色的社會主義


自稱「民主社會主義者」的桑德斯(Bernie Sanders 1941- )在美國民主黨總統初選雖然僅是暫時領先但其離熱門候選人參議員沃倫(Elizabeth Warren)前副總統拜登(Joe Biden)的幅度出乎意料地大,而億萬富豪彭博在民意調中仍然落後
[Note 1]

桑德斯於1971-7年加入反越戰及主張社會主義的自由聯盟黨1981年當選​​佛蒙特州伯靈頓市長但多次參選國會都落敗直到1990年以獨立人士身份晉身眾議院2005桑德斯成為史上第三位與民主黨合作的佛蒙特州無黨派參議員。而為了競選總統這位已屆78的候選人在201937日簽署誓章效忠美國民主黨

桑德斯是唯一公開表明是社會主義者的參議員。他呼籲創造一種新文化開展一項新運動,提供全民醫療社會保障、足以支付生活必需品的最低工資40工時週新任父母有薪假公立高等院校免學費收遺產稅對富人金融從業員多徵稅、萬億美元重建基礎設施、應對氣候變化政策
[Note 2]

桑德斯的成功多少反映了國人對美式資本主義的不滿甚至憤怒頗多評論員認為,即使桑德斯由於高齡敗,其同路人科爾特斯(A. Ocasio-Cortez 1989- )也終會成為總統
[Note 3]

面對桑德斯的初選優勢,儘管有些人犯愁,如《華爾街日報》於24日大喊即時制止桑德斯,但有不少商業領袖在不同程度上認同桑德斯的願景
[Note 4]

全球最大對沖基金橋水(Bridgewater)創辦人達里奧(Ray Dalio)認為貧富收入不均惡化與公共教育投放資源不足,已經對美國帶來高風險。有身家184億美元、被評為全球富豪榜第57位的達里奧,在一份報章發表的文章中指出,終其一生,看到美國資本主義的沒落。達里奧促請政府投放資源在兒童學習、基建與公共健康管理等領域(201945日《信報)

達里奧使用大量數據、圖表列出美國諸種嚴重問題,為未來的發展要放棄資本主義,要進行徹底改革提出一些類似桑德斯所構思的方案。

達里奧獨特主張應該做的4.A:建立由政府慈善機構企業組成公私營合作夥伴關係根據相對明確的社會和經濟績效指標共同審投資雙底線項目(Double Bottom Line projects) …項目函蓋學校教育基礎建設公共醫療保健中小企微信貸等
[Note 5]

達里奧並不孤單2019181間美國大型企業行政總裁組成的商界圓桌會議(Business Roundtable) 發表聲明,重新屆定企業目標,不再以追求股東利益極大化為優先目標圓桌會議認為,現代企業的優先目標應放在員工方面的投資、為客提供價、有道德地對待供應商,以及對社區提供支援(2019820日《信報)

圓桌會議2聲明認定由於企業生和銷售消費品; 製造設備和車輛; 支持國防;種植和生食物; 提供衛生保健; 提煉和傳遞能源; 並提供支持經濟增長的金融,通訊和其他服務願意承擔社會責任的企業幾乎是全能的國家拯救者

部分企業已有具體行動例子包括摩根大通投資700萬美元予經濟長期陷入困境的丹佛市,幫助弱勢年輕人接受適合其水平的教育和職業培訓3M提供現金和品投資,支持代表性不足和服務不足的個人在STEM和熟練技術方面取得進利用我們的核心競爭力來實現社會公益。思科旗下企業社會責任項目OmniVis正開發醫療技術。
[Note 6]

當大型商企認為民主政府功能失調,選擇直接參與提供社會服務,並最終與政府建立夥伴關係(如上述的)選擇性篩選機制時,至少有四點須注意。

第一,讓桑德斯這類從政者帶動群眾制定社會主義議程,商企風險很高達里奧在此間尤其清楚申明不相信民粹主義者能做任何有用的事縮窄貧富懸殊問題,而領導必須來自高層 (leadership from the top)
[Note 7]

故此商企會積極爭取公共決策過程不再單由當選的從政者定案,而是聯合沒有經過選舉程序授權的商業領袖共同制定

第二,通過有意識地直接或間接照顧員工其家庭供應商顧客社區成員的共同利益(從搖籃到墳墓),那些不再以利潤最大化為首要目標的大型企業,在一定程度上(即使僅限於輔助性) ,會官式地轉變為公眾利益詮釋公共政策執行者

第三,資本主義運作法縮窄貧富懸殊,而政府需要企業直接(通過慈善活動)協助提供教育民生服務,不是什麼新主意

19世紀法國經濟學家莫利納裡(Gustave de Molinari 1819-1912德國哲學家尼采(Nietzsche 1844-1900)早已提出類似的方案,論據雖各有不同,但均認為方式有助提高人民素質
[Note 8]

最成功的本地例子是香港飛機工程1957年,已有超過1萬名飛機維修員和1,800名維修工程師在港機工程完成培訓。配合各自的努力,許多畢業生都在社會向上流動方面有教人羨慕的成績(包括我的一位中學同窗)
[Note 9]

第四,在資本主義社會,這些參與提供社會服務的企屬於私有;在中國,參與提供社會服務的國企的大股東是國家雖然擁有權不一樣,動機也有別(私企出於自願或不甘於受民粹,國企聽收指令) ,但實際的社會主義效果相近

資本主義私有制是手段,不是目的社會主義國有制亦僅是手段,各盡所能、各取所需才是目的。而」這概念意味「差別」「不平等」(盲目批評社會主義的人早已忘了這優點)
[Note 10]

務實的企曉得真正幫助年輕人的,是提供適合其水平和需要的自律教育職業培訓保障而非跟平等主義者般為所有人供應大學學位、保健護理

那些鼓吹自由(任意)平等的政策制定者取得的成果是一批又一批工作能力低下的大學畢業生、濫用廉價醫療的自病者(抽煙嗜甜年輕男女隨處可見)

釀中的美國特色社會主義愈多大企以非牟利的宗旨負責任的的態度出錢出力的行動,踏實地直接或間接參與社會政策的領導、實施公共服務監督;針對性地扶助弱勢社群,改善活化社會流動

西歐國家二戰後的施政,社會主義色彩濃厚;儘管大多由政府獨力承擔,畢竟是小國寡民,難度不高美國的情況要復雜得多且看桑德斯達里奧所擔憂(沒落中)美國如何轉向
[Note 11]

Notes for reference

[Note 1]
World Population Review, “Democratic Socialist Countries 2020”, Oct 25, 2019.

Democratic Socialism vs. Socialism

Both democratic socialism and socialism advocate for a redistribution of wealth and power to meet public needs, not make profits for a few. Both aim to weaken the power of corporations and increase the power of the working people.
Democratic socialists, however, do not think the government should immediately take control of all aspects of the economy. Democratic socialism focuses more on providing basic needs to all people, such as health care and education. Democratic socialism, unlike socialism, would achieve this through democratic means and not an authoritarian rule.

信報時事脈搏 2020212 
www2.hkej.com/instantnews/current/article/2376211/桑德斯勝出民主黨新罕布什爾州初選

[Note 2]
Nov 19, 2015
July 17, 2015

Feb 14, 2019

zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/伯尼·桑德斯

[Note 3]
POLITICO, “AOC for president? The buzz has begun”, Dec 27, 2019.
Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez was campaigning for Bernie Sanders at a jampacked beach-side rally last week when she took a moment to look beyond 2020.
“I know, and we all know, that this isn’t just about Bernie Sanders,” she said. “This is about a movement that has been decades in the making.”

The Intercept, “Lucky for Trump, Ocasio-Cortez can’t run for President in 2020”, Nov 20, 2018.


[Note 4]
WSJ, “Stop Bernie Sanders Now”, Feb 4, 2020.

[Note 5]
201945日《信報國際財經
www2.hkej.com/instantnews/international/article/2103917/鱷王達里奧%3A收入不均讓美國陷入危機

Ray Dalio, “Why and How Capitalism needs to be reformed”,
Parts 1 and 2   Apr 5, 2019

To do that I’d:
A.                Create private-public partnerships (including governments, philanthropists, and companies) that would jointly vet and invest in double bottom line projects that would be judged on the basis of their social and economic performance results relative to clear metrics. That would both increase the funding for and the quality of projects because people who have to put their own money on the line would be responsible for them. (For examples, see the Appendix.)
Looking Ahead …

What I Think Should Be Done

5.  …... capitalism will either a) be abandoned or b) not be reformed because those on the right will fight for keeping it as it is and those on the left will fight against it.
So to me, the biggest questions are
a) whether populists of the right or populists of the left will gain control and/or have conflicts that will adversely affect the operations of government, the economy, and international relations or
b) whether sensible and skilled people from all sides can work together to reform the system so it works well for the majority of people.

[Note 6]
2019820日《信報國際財經
www2.hkej.com/instantnews/international/article/2224998/美大企業重訂公司目標%3A不追求股東最大利益

RoundTable  statements  Feb 2020



[Note 7]
Ray Dalio, “Why and How Capitalism needs to be reformed”,
Parts 1 and 2   Apr 5, 2019

“… What I Think Should Be Done

2.                  Leadership from the top. I have a principle that you will not effect change unless you affect the people who have their hands on the levers of power so that they move them to change things the way you want them to change. So there need to be powerful forces from the top of the country that proclaim the income/wealth/opportunity gap to be a national emergency and take on the responsibility for reengineering the system so that it works better.

[Note 8]
zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/古斯塔夫·德·莫利納里
古斯塔夫··莫利納里Gustave de Molinari181933日-1912128日)是比利時裔法國經濟學家,屬於自由主義自由放任學派
在他於1899年所著的The Society of the Future一書中,他提倡一種聯邦體制的集體安全制度,並強調他對於私營保安機構的支持

Hugo Drochon (2016), “Nietzsche’s Great Politics”, Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press.
p.62-3
… Private companies will step by step absorb the business of the state …

zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/弗里德里希·尼采

[Note 9]
HAECO Hong Kong
… To date, more than 10,000 aircraft mechanics, 1,800 aircraft maintenance engineers … have completed technical training at HAECO’s facilities in Hong Kong.

[Note 10]
zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/各盡所能、各取所需

[Note 11]
Forbes, “European Socialism: Why America doesn’t want it”, Oct 25, 2012.
The majority of Danish politicians intuitively believe that capitalists are an unpleasant necessity to generate the revenues to fund the social welfare state.  Denmark has the highest total tax pressure in the world and is towering far above the European average.  It also has the smallest private sector in Europe, one that supports one of the biggest public sectors. Add to that a generous entitlement system allowing unemployed and unemployable citizens an income well above that achieved by full time employees in the private sector in many European countries, and you will observe a need for tax revenues nearly unmatched anywhere else in the world.
This is not surprising, since more than half of the adult population is either working in the public sector or living on some form of social transfer payment. Out of a total population of 5.6 million, a little more than 2 million are pensioners, unemployed, sick or on social transfer payments for other reasons.