Sunday, October 8, 2023

國基會促「血拼」與 戰疫憂慮中「恰當」消費

 我的信報文章(2023107A10頁頂)

刊登後的改良加長版

IMF血拼與 戰疫憂慮中恰當消費

 www1.hkej.com/dailynews/commentary/article/3583333/IMF促「血拚」與戰疫憂慮中「恰當」消費

    



                                許劍昭

916日,國際貨幣基金組織(IMF 下稱國基會)總幹事表示,國基會將強烈敦促中國政府轉變經濟增長模式……轉向促進國消費不再依靠基礎設施和房地投資,因為這種傳統方式在目前的環境下是不會有成效云云

[Note 1]

諷刺的是,914日美國權威期刊《外交政策》(National Policy)發表一篇四千字長文,質疑國基會經濟主張

二戰後國基會倡議新自由主義(Neoliberalism)不僅沒有為發展中國家(例如阿根廷)帶來穩定增長,反而在歐美引發了一場又一場的金融危機美國近期持續失去南半球國家的信任,外交攻略在這些地區寸難行對國基會的怨氣終於爆發。

該篇長文引用日本、亞洲四小龍、中國等經濟體運用政策引導發展的成功經驗,指出偏重市場、消費、私企引領經濟增長倡議不僅在多國災難性失敗(has failed catastrophically) 也造成貧富懸殊左翼和右翼的民粹主義等困局(作者是Michael Hirsh)

[Note 2]

試想想:一個主要依靠農礦物低科技品出口國家,不用賺來的血汗錢進行工業現代化、提高教育水平、建設交通網絡,而是花在消費品上(尤其是歐美生),其經濟成長有可能持續嗎?

儘管國基會部也有個別研究質疑超過50倡議是否仍然有效(例如 working paper 2019/074),但領導層斷然拒諫

中國疫後復甦較所謂的預期慢是事實但有三點要注意。

首先消費佔GDP比重達43%荷蘭經濟今年首季縮0.4%,次季縮0.3%,技術上進入衰退挪威(消費比重40%)德國第二季同是零增長德國(消費比重51%)去年末季今年首皆收縮,早已進入衰退期。相比於中國模式(消費比重38%),這些以高消費為主導的經濟實體無法避免停滯,國基會中國批評明顯站不住

[Note 3]

第二早在20219月,一份工銀國際的研究(四位作者下稱工研)就已經預見疫情後消費模式將有重大的改變:……我們認為,持續疲軟的消費數據或將進一拖累全年中國經濟成長。 本文從

凱因斯的對收入假』、

弗里德曼的持久收入假』、

莫迪利安尼的生命週期假,以及

杜森貝利的相對收入假

作為理論依據,

結合後疫情時期中國經濟的具體況,系統性的探索了當前階段中國消費疲弱的背後邏輯。 基於我們的研究,

1)消費者可支配收入成長下滑

2)房地市場政策調控

3)中國人口老化

4)疫情對居民消費習慣的影響

是現階段中國消費增速動力不足的主要因素

[Note 4]

對中國疫後消費仍作出高幅或快速預期的分析員

非疏懶怠惰就是別有用心

故意營造一種低於預期的悲觀氣氛唱衰中國


第三於戰爭威脅、瘟疫傳播、天氣極端等諸類憂慮中地似乎介於有意與無意之間、官方政策與民眾自願之間形成一種恰當消費的新模式新趨勢

可供參考的是微觀經濟學奠基概念之一的帕累托最適(Pareto optimality;略作修改可在此解釋為:

恰當」地不減少使用(或重新分配)金錢於某類用途的情況下,一般消費組合能最滿足消費者的需要

[Note 5]

較明顯且重要的發展包括

恰當地不減少能帶來安全感的儲蓄而消費

恰當不減少用於預防疾病的支出而消費

恰當不減少用於保護自然環境的支出而消費

恰當不減少用於型購買的支出而消費

多份詳細的市場研究和報告例如

2022年百度x京東聯合發布618消費趨勢報告

2023年中國消費者洞察白皮書

綠色生活方式成為新風尚2023趨勢報告》等等

均在不同方面用實際案例數據調結果指出消費者正尋找儲蓄和支出之間的新平衡以便應對突發災難、子女教育、收入減少、退休、戰爭……各類現金週轉困難;同時更重視價消費例如反差式購物文化消費精緻窮選購重心落位於味覺與健康深度遊沉浸式體驗綠色消費等智慧消費時尚

[Note 6]

這些現象既工研〉的分析不謀而合印證我對疫情後復甦的看法(見拙文憂股息 懼停薪 疫後積儲意識與另類復甦2020415信報)

[Note 7]

恰當消費是擺購物狂促進經濟、節儉拖累經濟西方觀念20世紀初地消費者的影響

被近代主流經濟學邊帕累託(Pareto 1848-1923)很早已經提出兩個重要警告

一是人類的經濟決定往往是感性的而非理性因此,需要政策的指導和紀律否則,普羅大眾容易傾向過度消費,無法累積財富以助向上流動,甚至自甘墮落

[Note 8]

以崇尚消費拉動經濟增長的美國模式為例,過度消費的不良後果不勝近期浮現的惡果包括,超過60%國民(包括高收入者)不省錢或沒法儲蓄以工資支票過活(paycheck to paycheck living, 港譯月光族)

也有無視健康濫藥流行(opioid  overdose epidemic的現象人口不足81萬的三藩市8 因濫藥去世人數創史新高達84(日均3人死)

[Note 9]

帕累託另一警告是針對煽動性財閥(demagogic plutocracy)跟建設基礎設施(例如灌溉防洪、公路電網)相比,鼓吹消費的經濟增長所生的利益大多只惠及上層階級,除了擴大貧富差距,還具誘發貪婪不仁效應。

美國汽車工人聯合工會九月尋求加薪40%罷工理由是四年來,車價漲了30%。薪資僅加6%,管理層的收入卻增40%。數據更全國350家最大公司的高層與員工的薪酬比率在

1965 年為 20 1

1989年躍升至591

2021年高飛到3991

[Note 10]

 

血拼」的態度、求感官刺激去催谷消費數據上的提昇,既不能帶來可持續的長期裨益患無窮。以心安,身康,智睿為目標恰當消費才是正道

 

Notes

[Note 1]

2023 0916

信報: IMF:將敦促中國轉向消費拉動增長模式

www2.hkej.com/instantnews/china/article/3565353/IMF%3A將敦促中國轉向消費拉動增長模式

 

[Note 2]

2023 0914

Foreign Policy, “Does Japan’s Economy Prove That Neoliberalism Lost? 

Economists are rethinking East Asia’s “miracle” as the Washington Consensus falters”

By Michael Hirsh

https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/09/14/japan-economy-neoliberalism-east-asia-washington-consensus-imf/

 

Michael Hirsh wrote:

At the IMF, once the face and voice of the Washington Consensus, acceptance of industrial policy has been an uphill battle over the past few decades. That’s why, in 2019, Hasanov and Cherif were forced to coyly title that working paper “The Return of the Policy That Shall Not Be Named.” A year later, they followed with a higher-ranking departmental paper, “The Principles of Industrial Policy.” But the IMF still published a rebuttal from Irwin this past June.

 

IMF Working Paper No. 2019/074

The Return of the Policy That Shall Not Be Named: Principles of Industrial Policy

Author/Editor:Reda Cherif ; Fuad Hasanov

https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2019/03/26/The-Return-of-the-Policy-That-Shall-Not-Be-Named-Principles-of-Industrial-Policy-46710

 

[Note 3]

2023 0816

https://www.reuters.com/markets/europe/dutch-economy-enters-recession-inflation-bites-2023-08-16/

AMSTERDAM, Aug 16 (Reuters) - The Dutch economy has entered a recession as it shrank 0.3% on a quarterly basis in the second quarter, a first estimate published by Statistics Netherlands on Wednesday showed.

The euro zone's fifth largest economy shrank for the second consecutive quarter, after a 0.4% contraction in the first three months of the year.

 

2023 0827

https://www.rt.com/business/581667-norway-economy-stagnation/

Norway’s economy saw zero growth in the second quarter of this year due to soaring inflation and rising interest rates that dampened consumer demand, the country’s statistics office reported this week.  

 

2023 0901

https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2023/09/economics-news-finance-inflation-gdp-growth-1-september/

German economy posts zero growth in second quarter

German gross domestic product (GDP) remained level between the first and second quarters of 2023, according to new data released last week.

Year-on-year, the economy contracted by 0.2% in the second quarter. It follows a technical recession last winter, as quarter-on-quarter growth had fallen by 0.4% in the fourth quarter of last year and 0.1% in the first quarter of this year.

Latest qtr Consumption’ share of GDP:

https://www.ceicdata.com

Netherlands 42.9%

Germany 51.0%

Norway 40.5%

China 38.1%

 

[Note 4]

2021 0922

工銀國際研究部

程實博士 王宇哲博士 張弘顳博士 高欣弘

當前中國消費疲軟的秘密

https://m.icbc.com.cn/page/721854538750246955.html

 

[Note 5]

Wiki, Pareto efficiency or Pareto Optimality

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareto_efficiency

Pareto efficiency or Pareto optimality is a situation where no action or allocation is available that makes one individual better off without making another worse off.[1] The concept is named after Vilfredo Pareto (1848–1923), Italian civil engineer and economist, who used the concept in his studies of economic efficiency and income distribution …

 

[Note 6]

2022 0614

百度: 百度x京東聯合發布618消費趨勢報告:價型購買與反差式購物成潮流

https://yingxiao.baidu.com/new/home/product/details?id=8271&ly=detail_about_m&castk=LTE%3D

 

艾瑞諮詢:2023年中國消費者洞察白皮書

https://pdf.dfcfw.com/pdf/H3_AP202305121586532765_1.pdf?1683912453000.pdf

 

2023 0316

知乎:綠色生活方式成為新風尚 | 2023趨勢報告

肖明超-趨勢觀察

https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/614394404

 

2021 0401

人民網: Z世代消費的價與力量:從精致窮到消費主義逆行者

來源:光明日報

http://yn.people.com.cn/BIG5/n2/2021/0401/c372455-34653114.html

 

[Note 7]

2023 0916

信報: 憂股息 懼停薪 疫後積儲意識與另類復甦

www1.hkej.com/dailynews/commentary/article/2434779/憂股息+懼停薪+疫後積儲意識與另類復甦

 

[Note 8]

Joseph V. Femia (2006), “Pareto and Political Theory”, London and New York: Routledge.

https://www.amazon.com/Pareto-Political-Routledge-Studies-Thought/dp/0415288134

 

[Note 9]

2023 0831

CBS News, “More than 60% of Americans are living paycheck to paycheck”

https://www.cbsnews.com/news/paycheck-to-paycheck-6-in-10-americans-lendingclub/

 

2023 0919

Breitbart, “San Francisco hits record overdose deaths; 3 per day from fentanyl”

https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2023/09/19/san-francisco-hits-record-overdose-deaths-3-per-day-from-fentanyl/

 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA

CDC, “Understanding the Opioid Overdose Epidemic”

https://www.cdc.gov/opioids/basics/epidemic.html

The number of people who died from a drug overdose in 2021 was over six times the number in 1999. The number of drug overdose deaths increased more than 16% from 2020 to 2021. Over 75% of the nearly 107,000 drug overdose deaths in 2021 involved an opioid.

 

From 2020 to 2021:

Opioid-involved death rates increased by over 15%.

Prescription opioid-involved death rates remained the same.

Heroin-involved death rates decreased nearly 32%.

Synthetic opioid-involved death rates (excluding methadone) increased over 22%1.

 

[Note 10]

2023 0920

CBS News, “UAW strike puts spotlight on pay gap between CEOs and workers”

https://www.cbsnews.com/news/uaw-worker-pay-gap-ceo-wages/

 

2023 0917

Yahoo/AP News, “UAW justifies wage demands by pointing to CEO pay raises.  Do how high were they?”

https://finance.yahoo.com/news/uaw-justifies-wage-demands-pointing-131330812.html