Friday, March 28, 2025

煙民使用公營醫療應加價

 《煙民使用公營醫療應加價》我的信報文章(2025327A14)

自病者責任制 與 公營醫療收費改革

www1.hkej.com/dailynews/commentary/article/4034030/煙民使用公營醫療應加價



自病者責任制 與 公營醫療收費改革

                                 許劍昭

清晨,於葵涌一棟民居舊樓地舖的酒吧門外清潔工如常清理半夜被丟棄在地上的近百口煙蒂至於吸煙者吐在地上的髒痰醉酒者在後巷嘔吐的殘留物要待週例行的洗街或雨水沖走。而半夜時分醉漢之間的大聲爭吵、打架,對低層居民睡眠質素和兒童心理生的影響則害盡他們一生

另在上學日午餐時間,該酒吧旁邊的甜茶店是街道對面職訓局學校青年學生的聚有的啜飲甜茶,而更多的是抽電子煙。

[Note ###]

本文討論允許酒吧在學校區營業的荒謬政策(雖然這是一位職訓局老師的請求)僅是基於一代又一代人前仆後繼跌入煙酒自病陷阱的現實,對三月十四日醫務衞生局局長談公營醫療收費改革提出建議:建立自病者責任制

[Note 1]

第一階段是當抽煙者使用公營醫療服務(包括門診、住院)處理胸肺或心臟科疾病時,要求他們支付至少70%的的成本費用。

理據有六

首先,抽煙對呼吸和心血管系統的危害已得到充分醫學研究證實,詳見香港吸煙與健康委員會提供的資訊,

[Note 2]

第二,確認經常吸煙者的生物技術方法已達科學要求。較常見的測試有四種,包括:

可替寧測試 (Cotinine Test)

一氧化碳測試 (Carbon Monoxide Test)

頭髮和指甲分析尼古丁及其代謝物 (Hair and Nail Analysis)

DNA 甲基化模式( DNA Methylation Patterns)

[Note 3]

如果求診者最初隱瞞其吸煙背景,經確認後須支付全額檢測費用150%

第三,香港法例第371章《吸煙(公眾衛生)條例》(一般稱作《禁止吸煙條例》)早於1982年訂立,經陸續修訂後,禁煙範圍擴大至餐廳、酒吧、公園、巴士總站、室公共地方等;並就煙草品的包裝、售賣推廣等方面作出限制和規管因此,吸煙對自身和周圍的人有害是個公民都早已知道的事情

[Note 4]

知道了但還是選擇吸煙,就必須自己面對後果、承擔責任。當然,在某些情況下,少數人確實存在理解健康知識的困難,例如年輕時因貧窮而失學(文盲)或患有讀寫障礙症的人可能會聲稱他們無法理解吸煙的危害

醫學期刊《刺針》(The  Lancet: Public Health)今年3月一篇論文〈健康的責任:從關注個人轉向關注系統〉建議,當個人由於不同的原因欠缺願意或能力明瞭健康知識責任時,社會體系、醫療政策就應該介入。儘管這篇論文與收費無關,但支付公營醫療費用的現金壓力肯定是一種直接的社會體系性方法,讓全體香港市民快速意識到自己必須對危害自身和他人健康的壞習慣負責,變得更願意下定決心戒煙。

[Note 5]

第四,全球各國普遍採用醫療保險制度,已經是一種個人健康責任制,例如吸煙者的醫療保險供款費會較高患者還須支付最高承保額以外的醫療費用。相反,香港目前的公營醫療服務並沒有對吸煙者施加這種責任,醫療補貼無上限;依靠煙草徵稅對勸勉人們戒煙的效果微弱

第五,近年多項研究報告發現,從不吸(never-smoker) 的肺癌病例迅速增加,例如在英國這類患者的比例從 2008 年的 13% 躍升至 2014 年的28%專家猜測這與空氣二手煙有這類從不吸者得到的公營醫療資源不應被吸者無上限分薄。

[Note 6]

第六,公民和管治者都必須承擔社會責任。古羅馬共和執政官對後世影響深遠的哲學家西塞羅(Cicero 西元前106-43)指出好的社會是一個不斷維持和提高道德水平的社會。

一方面,公民有社會責任,須顧己(例如現代人應該不排放二手;

另一方面,管治者也有責任實施恰當(optimal)的政策,不能過份吝嗇,也不能過份慷慨(中譯版可參考徐奕春西塞羅三論: 老年·友誼·責任1998)

[Note 7]

我國的韓非子(西元前281233) 也令人信服地解釋了賞罰分明

的政策原則的重要性。

[Note 8]

如果政策是一刀切行為不當的吸煙自病者和行為良好的非吸煙自健者都支付相同的公營醫療體檢費用,這是不公平的,也不是負責任的政策制定者的所為

勇敢地提議、實行公營醫療收費改革得讚賞也有財務現實的需要。研究並定義自病者責任制的概念,區分公營醫療服務付費責任的優先事項,一旦完成並受到公眾的廣泛理解,第二階段可以擴展到吸毒者、濫藥或酒後駕駛者、濫交致患性傳染病者等等。

我們的社會體系、醫療政策,當然歡迎民為避免支付70%或以上的公營醫療服務成本費而戒煙。方法之一是讓他們參加一個指定課程,戒煙成功後,在三個月進行數次測試,取其平均日後次尋求公共醫療服務時,只要檢測結果低於該平均,收費與所有其他非吸煙公民相同

前述酒吧下午的歡樂時光開始之際適逢放學時間,站在酒吧門外的顧客與同樣在吸煙的青年學生交流心得此情此境教人哀嘆:

天行疾,煙民自病不息


Notes

[Note ###]

The wine bar is “Bar Pacific (Kwai Lok Building)”

https://www.openrice.com/en/hongkong/r-bar-pacific-kwai-fong-international-wine-r84091

The school is “VTC Youth College Kwai Fong”

https://www.yc.edu.hk/vibrant-college-life/yc-campus/kwai-fong

The info is provided by a school teacher working nearby and then simplified by me.

[Note 1]

醫務衞生局局長談公營醫療收費改革

https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202503/14/P2025031400348.htm

以下是醫務衞生局局長盧寵茂教授今日(三月十四日)上午出席立法會衞生事務委員會會議後會見傳媒的談話

 

[Note 2]

香港吸煙與健康委員會: 吸煙禍害

https://www.smokefree.hk/page.php?id=72&preview=&lang=tc

[Note 3]

Reply from copilot:

There are several tests and methods to determine if someone is a smoker or has been exposed to tobacco. Here are some common ones:

Nicotine or Cotinine Test: This involves testing blood, urine, saliva, or even hair for nicotine or its metabolite, cotinine. These substances remain in the body for some time after smoking.

Carbon Monoxide Test: A breath test that measures the level of carbon monoxide in the lungs, which is higher in smokers.

DNA Methylation Patterns: Smoking leaves a distinct "epigenetic signature" on DNA, particularly in the form of altered methylation patterns at specific sites. For example, the AHRR gene is a well-known marker for smoking.

These patterns can differentiate between current, former, and never-smokers. They also provide insights into the cumulative exposure to smoking and the potential reversibility of these changes after quitting.  This method is highly accurate and is used in both clinical and forensic settings.

Hair Analysis: Hair testing can detect nicotine or its metabolite, cotinine, which remains embedded in the hair for months. This makes it a reliable method for assessing long-term exposure to smoking.

It is non-invasive and provides a longer detection window compared to blood or urine tests. Hair analysis is also FDA-cleared for detecting nicotine use

Spirometry: A lung function test that measures how much air a person can exhale and how quickly. It helps detect lung damage caused by smoking.

Chest X-Ray or CT Scan: These imaging tests can reveal lung damage, blockages, or abnormalities caused by smoking.

Physical Signs: Doctors may also look for physical signs like yellowing of teeth, smoker's cough, or the smell of tobacco.

[Note 4]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking_(Public_Health)_Ordinance

zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/吸煙(公眾衛生)條例

[Note 5]

The Lancet Public Health

Volume 10, Issue 3  E170  March 2025  Open access

The responsibility of health: shifting the focus from individuals to systems

Sandy Tubeufa ∙ Alejandro Valdiviab,c ∙ Lara Tavoschid ∙ Jean-Philippe Empanae ∙ Eivind Engebretsenf

https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpub/article/PIIS2468-2667(25)00013-1/fulltext

[Note 6]

2022 04

https://www.cancercenter.com/community/blog/2022/04/lung-cancer-never-smokers

2025 0215  Science Alert

“Lung Cancer is rising in Non-smokers and this could be why”

https://www.sciencealert.com/lung-cancer-is-rising-in-non-smokers-and-this-could-be-why

The international team behind the research found that rates of lung cancer in this group of people could be tied to increasing levels of pollution and the subsequent damage to health, with east Asia, particularly China, the worst affected.

[Note 7]

Wiki, Cicero

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero

Marcus Tullius Cicero[a] (/ˈsɪsəroʊ/ SISS-ə-roh; Latin: [ˈmaːrkʊs ˈtʊlli.ʊs ˈkɪkɛroː]; 3 January 106 BC – 7 December 43 BC) was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, orator, writer and Academic skeptic

徐奕春西塞羅三論: 老年·友誼·責任1998

baike.baidu.com/item/老年谊论责/2956417

M.T. Griffin and E.M. Atkins (eds.) (1991), “Cicero: On Duties”, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

https://www.amazon.com/Cicero-Cambridge-History-Political-Thought/dp/0521348358

[Note 8]

zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/非子

三民書局  《新譯韓非子》 賴炎元、傅武光注譯

ISBN編號957-14-2405-6 ; 出版年份. 2003 ; 三民出版社